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The science of Love
原來愛情是這麼一回事...若發明了那種藥水,可以讓對方喝了,更愛自己,哇, that's so great
for all the lovers.....Reference: http://www.esoftnow.com/bbs/show.asp?id=2758&bd=5&totable=1
全文:
Scientists are finding that, after all, love really is down to a chemical addiction between people科学家们发现爱情确实是人与人之间的一种化学成瘾现象。OVER the course of history it has been artists, poets and playwrights who have made the greatest progress in humanity's understanding of love. Romance has seemed as inexplicable as the beauty of a rainbow. But these days scientists are challenging that notion, and they have rather a lot to say about how and why people love each other.在漫长的历史长河中,艺术家、诗人和剧作家在人类对于爱的理解上做出了巨大成就。古往今来,爱的浪漫被视为霓虹,美得难以言状。而最近,科学家们却向这种观念发出了挑战,并且对恋人们如何与为什么相爱做出许多新的解释。Is this useful? The scientists think so. For a start, understanding the neurochemical pathways that regulate social attachments may help to deal with defects in people's ability to form relationships. All relationships, whether they are those of parents with their children, spouses with their partners, or workers with their colleagues, rely on an ability to create and maintain social ties. Defects can be disabling, and become apparent as disorders such as autism and schizophrenia—and, indeed, as the serious depression that can result from rejection in love. Research is also shedding light on some of the more extreme forms of sexual behaviour. And, controversially, some utopian fringe groups see such work as the doorway to a future where love is guaranteed because it will be provided chemically, or even genetically engineered from conception.这真的有用吗?科学家们确实如是考虑。首先,让我们先来了解一下可调节社会附属关系的神经化学路径, 这有助于我们解决某些缺乏建立人际能力人群的问题。对于所有关系而言——无论是父母与子女间的亲情关系、夫妻间的婚姻关系,还是同事间的伙伴关系,全都依赖于一种建立并保持社会性纽带的能力。这种能力的缺损可使个人丧失行为能力并导致明显的心理紊乱,如自闭症和精神分裂症,正如将恋爱拒之门外可导致严重的沮丧一样。研究者们同样把目光投向了若干形式更为极端的性行为。有争议的是, 一些理想化且处于前沿领域的团体视该项工作为通向未来的一道大门。那时爱情将不会有任何风险,因为源于这个概念的化学或基因工程便可能将其变为现实。The scientific tale of love begins innocently enough, with voles. The prairie vole is a sociable creature, one of the only 3% of mammal species that appear to form monogamous relationships. Mating between prairie voles is a tremendous 24-hour effort. After this, they bond for life. They prefer to spend time with each other, groom each other for hours on end and nest together. They avoid meeting other potential mates. The male becomes an aggressive guard of the female. And when their pups are born, they become affectionate and attentive parents. However, another vole, a close relative called the montane vole, has no interest in partnership beyond one-night-stand sex. What is intriguing is that these vast differences in behaviour are the result of a mere handful of genes. The two vole species are more than 99% alike, genetically.关于爱情的科学传说非常无辜地始于田鼠。草原田鼠作为一种社会性生物,它是仅存3%的“一夫一妻制”哺乳动物中的一类。对“恋爱”中的草原田鼠来说,交配是一项耗时24小时的宏伟工程。一旦“结婚”,小俩口便终生相伴,直到天荒地老。“夫妻俩”宁愿在一起共度时光,为彼此梳理毛发,同筑爱巢也不去搞“婚外恋”。平时,“丈夫”是“妻子”好斗的“护花使者”,而幼崽一旦出生,它们又即刻成为挚爱并专一的父母。然而,另一种被称作山区田鼠的,作为草原田鼠近亲,除了一夜情之外,它们对稳定的伴侣关系毫无兴趣。令人不解的是这些行为中的巨大差异却仅仅源于一小撮基因。如就基因而言,这两个物种超过99%的部分绝无二致。Why do voles fall in love? / 为什么田鼠会坠入爱河?The details of what is going on—the vole story, as it were—is a fascinating one. When prairie voles have sex, two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin are released. If the release of these hormones is blocked, prairie-voles' sex becomes a fleeting affair, like that normally enjoyed by their rakish montane cousins. Conversely, if prairie voles are given an injection of the hormones, but prevented from having sex, they will still form a preference for their chosen partner. In other words, researchers can make prairie voles fall in love—or whatever the vole equivalent of this is—with an injection.像往常一样,最让人着魔的是田鼠爱情故事的进展细节。当草原田鼠性交时,其体内会释放两种称作催产素和抗利尿激素的荷尔蒙。如果这些荷尔蒙的释放被阻断,草原田鼠的性生活便成了短暂的艳遇,它们就会像生性放荡的山区堂兄那样去尽享受风流韵事。 相反,如果给草原田鼠注射以上荷尔蒙,虽然阻止它们性交,它们依然会钟情于已选择的伴侣。换句话说, 不过就一剂注射,研究者们便能让草原田鼠落入情网,不管草原田鼠的感觉如何,反正它们会产生与爱相类似的神经反应。A clue to what is happening—and how these results might bear on the human condition—was found when this magic juice was given to the montane vole: it made no difference. It turns out that the faithful prairie vole has receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in brain regions associated with reward and reinforcement, whereas the montane vole does not. The question is, do humans (another species in the 3% of allegedly monogamous mammals) have brains similar to prairie voles?研究者找到一条与正在发生情形相关的线索,这一线索与如何使上述结果作用于人类有关。线索的结论是:当把这一魔术般的汁液注入山区田鼠体内,其反应与草原田鼠如出一辙。这就证实了,在忠诚的草原田鼠大脑内,与奖赏与强化相关联的区域中,具有一种催产素和抗利尿激素的荷尔蒙受体, 然而山区田鼠却没有。 问题是: 人类——据称是3%实行一夫一妻制的哺乳动物中的另一物种,是否也具有和草原田鼠相似的大脑结构?To answer that question you need to dig a little deeper. As Larry Young, a researcher into social attachment at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia, explains, the brain has a reward system designed to make voles (and people and other animals) do what they ought to. Without it, they might forget to eat, drink and have sex—with disastrous results. That animals continue to do these things is because they make them feel good. And they feel good because of the release of a chemical called dopamine into the brain. Sure enough, when a female prairie vole mates, there is a 50% increase in the level of dopamine in the reward centre of her brain.为对上述疑惑刨根问底,就需要“挖”得更深一些。一位来自佐治亚州,亚特兰大Emory大学,研究社会附属关系的学者Larry Yong,他对此的解释是,田鼠(以及人类和其他动物)的大脑内具有一套奖赏系统用以鼓励它(他)们去做生物应该完成的行为。如若不然,动物将忘记进食,饮水和性行为,从而招致灾难性的后果。动物们不断重复这些行为是因为那使它们感到快乐。这种快感是一种称作多巴胺的化学物质在大脑中的释放使然。当雌性草原田鼠交配时,在大脑奖赏系统中枢,多巴胺水平会有50%的上升,而这已完全足够让这些“女士”们产生上面提到的那种快感。Similarly, when a male rat has sex it feels good to him because of the dopamine. He learns that sex is enjoyable, and seeks out more of it based on how it happened the first time. But, in contrast to the prairie vole, at no time do rats learn to associate sex with a particular female. Rats are not monogamous.与草原田鼠近似,雄性家鼠性交时,因多巴胺分泌同样会感到快乐。当它体验到性让它感到愉悦,便会参照初次经历去搜寻更多机会。但与草原田鼠相反,家鼠决不会学习把性与某个特定的雌性个体关联起来。毕竟家鼠不是“一夫一妻制”的哺乳动物。This is where the vasopressin and oxytocin come in. They are involved in parts of the brain that help to pick out the salient features used to identify individuals. If the gene for oxytocin is knocked out of a mouse before birth, that mouse will become a social amnesiac and have no memory of the other mice it meets. The same is true if the vasopressin gene is knocked out.抗利尿激素和催产素就是从这里进入这个科学传说的。它们参与了大脑一些部分的工作,以帮助选出用于辨别个体的显著特征。 如果在老鼠出生前,DNA中的抗利尿激素基因即被剔除, 那只老鼠将会成为一个社会性失忆个体,它也不会对遇到的其他老鼠留下任何印象。如果催产素基因缺损,以上命题同样成立。The salient feature in this case is odour. Rats, mice and voles recognise each other by smell. Christie Fowler and her colleagues at Florida State University have found that exposure to the opposite sex generates new nerve cells in the brains of prairie voles—in particular in areas important to olfactory memory. Could it be that prairie voles form an olfactory “image” of their partners—the rodent equivalent of remembering a personality—and this becomes linked with pleasure?这里的显著特征是气味。耗子、老鼠和野鼠靠嗅觉区分彼此。Christie Fowler和她的同事在佛罗里达州大学的研究中发现,把草原田鼠暴露给异性可使其大脑产生新的神经细胞——在对嗅觉记忆至关重要的一些区域尤其如此。人类是靠个性特征来记住某一个人的。那么草原田鼠会构造一个嗅觉“形像”去记住伴侣吗?这与性愉悦是否存在关联呢?Dr Young and his colleagues suggest this idea in an article published last month in the Journal of Comparative Neurology. They argue that prairie voles become addicted to each other through a process of sexual imprinting mediated by odour. Furthermore, they suggest that the reward mechanism involved in this addiction has probably evolved in a similar way in other monogamous animals, humans included, to regulate pair-bonding in them as well.Young博士和他的同事在上个月《比较神经学期刊》的文章中提到了这种想法。他们认为草原田鼠通过一个由气味做媒介的性烙印过程使配偶彼此沉溺于对方。此外,他们还提到,与这彼此沉溺上瘾相关的奖赏机制在其他的一夫一妻制动物(包括人类)生理系统中,或许也进化成了相似的方式,以规范他们的配偶联结关系。You might as well face it ... / 你或许也会面对它……Sex stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in people, as well as voles, though the role of these hormones in the human brain is not yet well understood. But while it is unlikely that people have a mental, smell-based map of their partners in the way that voles do, there are strong hints that the hormone pair have something to reveal about the nature of human love: among those of Man's fellow primates that have been studied, monogamous marmosets have higher levels of vasopressin bound in the reward centres of their brains than do non-monogamous rhesus macaques.虽然抗利尿激素和催产素在人脑内的角色仍未被透彻了解,但与田鼠一样,人体在受到性刺激时也会释放这些荷尔蒙。尽管与田鼠不一样,人类不太可能有一张基于嗅觉的神经系统伴侣图谱,但若干线索已有力说明,这两种荷尔蒙能揭示一些人类恋爱的本质:在已被研究过的人类灵长目同伴之中,一夫一妻制小长尾猴的大脑奖赏中枢系统中,抗利尿激素水平较非一夫一妻制的恒河短尾猿高。Other approaches are also shedding light on the question. In 2000, Andreas Bartels and Semir Zeki of University College, London, located the areas of the brain activated by romantic love. They took students who said they were madly in love, put them into a brain scanner, and looked at their patterns of brain activity.其他方法也正在为人们寻找这些问题的谜底。2000 年,来自伦敦市大学学院的Andreas Bartels和Semir Zeki定位出了能被浪漫爱情激活的大脑区域。两位学者选择自称正在热恋的学生作为测试目标,利用脑扫描仪对他们的大脑活动模式进行观测。The results were surprising. For a start, a relatively small area of the human brain is active in love, compared with that involved in, say, ordinary friendship. “It is fascinating to reflect”, the pair conclude, “that the face that launched a thousand ships should have done so through such a limited expanse of cortex.” The second surprise was that the brain areas active in love are different from the areas activated in other emotional states, such as fear and anger. Parts of the brain that are love-bitten include the one responsible for gut feelings, and the ones which generate the euphoria induced by drugs such as cocaine. So the brains of people deeply in love do not look like those of people experiencing strong emotions, but instead like those of people snorting coke. Love, in other words, uses the neural mechanisms that are activated during the process of addiction. “We are literally addicted to love,” Dr Young observes. Like the prairie voles.令人惊讶的是:首先,人脑参与到恋爱的活动区域,较之其他感情(如普通友谊),相对要比较小些。“引人注意的是,结果显示,”两位学者推断说,“美丽的面容是通过控制一个有限区域的大脑皮层来实现‘一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国’的。”  第二个惊奇之处是,大脑内因恋爱而活跃的区域不同于因其他情绪而活跃的区域,例如,恐惧和愤怒。 被恋爱“咬住”的那部份大脑还包括负责内脏感觉和因可卡因等毒品生成快感的区域。因此,因此,深坠爱河的恋人们的大脑,并非类同于经历强烈情绪波动的人,倒更接近那些鼻吸可卡因的瘾君子。换句话说,爱情使用的是在成瘾过程中被激活的神经机制。“严格地讲, 我们成瘾于爱情,”Young博士评述道,“就如同草原田鼠”。It seems possible, then, that animals which form strong social bonds do so because of the location of their receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin. Evolution acts on the distribution of these receptors to generate social or non-social versions of a vole. The more receptors located in regions associated with reward, the more rewarding social interactions become. Social groups, and society itself, rely ultimately on these receptors. But for evolution to be able to act, there must be individual variation between mice, and between men. And this has interesting implications.那么看起来,能形成稳固社会联结的动物之所以愿意建立彼此间的伙伴关系,可能是由它们的抗利尿激素和催产素受体在大脑中的位置所决定。生物进化作用于以上受体在大脑的分布,而产生了社会性或非社会性不同版本的田鼠。位于奖赏机制有关区域的受体越多,对个体而言, 社会互动就更具有回报性。动物的社会性团体,乃至整个社会本身都最终依赖于这些受体。但要使进化真能发生效力,在鼠之鼠之间以及人与人之间,一定存在个体变异。这一论述还有引人入胜的推论。Last year, Steven Phelps, who works at Emory with Dr Young, found great diversity in the distribution of vasopressin receptors between individual prairie voles. He suggests that this variation contributes to individual differences in social behaviour—in other words, some voles will be more faithful than others. Meanwhile, Dr Young says that he and his colleagues have found a lot of variation in the vasopressin-receptor gene in humans. “We may be able to do things like look at their gene sequence, look at their promoter sequence, to genotype people and correlate that with their fidelity,” he muses.在Emory大学与Young博士一同工作的Steven Phelps去年发现,草原田鼠各个体间抗利尿激素受体的脑内分布,存在着很大的差异。他提出,正是这一变异导致了社会行为的个体差异,换句话说,一些田鼠将会比另一些更加忠诚。同时,Young博士说他和同事已经发现人类抗利尿激素受体基因的许多变异。“我们或许能够做些类似于察看人们的基因序列,察看他们的启动序列等工作,在此基础上对人们进行基因型分类, 并把分类结果与他们的忠诚度关联起来”,Young博士作如是想。It has already proved possible to tinker with this genetic inheritance, with startling results. Scientists can increase the expression of the relevant receptors in prairie voles, and thus strengthen the animals' ability to attach to partners. And in 1999, Dr Young led a team that took the prairie-vole receptor gene and inserted it into an ordinary (and therefore promiscuous) mouse. The transgenic mouse thus created was much more sociable to its mate.事实已经证明可能对这种基因遗传进行修补,并产生了令人吃惊的结果。科学家能增加草原田鼠相关受体的表达,以加强动物对同伴的依附能力。而且在 1999 年,Young博士带领了一只研究队伍,他们将草原田鼠的受体基因插入到一只平常(因此成为杂乱的) 老鼠的体内,由此产生的转基因鼠对它的配偶表现得更为友善。Love, love me do / 爱我,真心地爱我Scanning the brains of people in love is also helping to refine science's grasp of love's various forms. Helen Fisher, a researcher at Rutgers University, and the author of a new book on love*, suggests it comes in three flavours: lust, romantic love and long-term attachment. There is some overlap but, in essence, these are separate phenomena, with their own emotional and motivational systems, and accompanying chemicals. These systems have evolved to enable, respectively, mating, pair-bonding and parenting.对恋爱中人们大脑的扫描,也有助于使科学对各种形式爱情的领会变得更为精确。Rutgers 大学的一位研究人员Helen Fisher,同时是一本关于爱情的新书作者,她提出,爱会以三种滋味出现:欲望,浪漫的恋爱和长期的附属关系。三种滋味的爱情虽有一些重叠,但本质上是截然不同的现象,并且具有各自的情绪和激发系统,以及相伴的体内化学物质。这些系统通过进化后以分别让交配,伴侣联接和养育子女成为可能。Lust, of course, involves a craving for sex. Jim Pfaus, a psychologist at Concordia University, in Montreal, says the aftermath of lustful sex is similar to the state induced by taking opiates. A heady mix of chemical changes occurs, including increases in the levels of serotonin, oxytocin, vasopressin and endogenous opioids (the body's natural equivalent of heroin). “This may serve many functions, to relax the body, induce pleasure and satiety, and perhaps induce bonding to the very features that one has just experienced all this with”, says Dr Pfaus.首先当然是欲望,包括对性的强烈渴求。蒙特利尔Concordia大学的一位心理学家,Jim Pfaus说道,贪欲的性行为其结果和使用鸦片引起的状况颇相类似:一种令人兴奋的混合化学变化,包括血液复合胺(5羟色氨),催产素,抗利尿激素和内非肽(身体内的海洛英的天然同等物) 的水平升高。“这可能提供许多功能,如放松身体,产生快乐和满足感, 也可能导致把某些特征与刚才的全部经历联结起来,”Pfaus博士补充道。Then there is attraction, or the state of being in love (what is sometimes known as romantic or obsessive love). This is a refinement of mere lust that allows people to home in on a particular mate. This state is characterised by feelings of exhilaration, and intrusive, obsessive thoughts about the object of one's affection. Some researchers suggest this mental state might share neurochemical characteristics with the manic phase of manic depression. Dr Fisher's work, however, suggests that the actual behavioural patterns of those in love—such as attempting to evoke reciprocal responses in one's loved one—resemble obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).接下来便是两性吸引,双方处于相爱的状态 (就是我们所知的浪漫的、或强迫性的恋爱)。这是纯粹的欲望的升华,它使人们总能回到某个特定配偶身边。这种状态的特征,是兴奋感和对情感对象打扰式的和强迫性的思恋。一些研究员提到,这一心理状态可能和狂躁状态的躁郁症有相同的神经化学特征。Fisher博士的工作揭示了恋爱人群真实的行为模式,比如:试图唤起被爱者的报答——类似于强迫性混乱症(OCD)。
That raises the question of whether it is possible to “treat” this romantic state clinically, as can be done with OCD. The parents of any love-besotted teenager might want to know the answer to that. Dr Fisher suggests it might, indeed, be possible to inhibit feelings of romantic love, but only at its early stages. OCD is characterised by low levels of a chemical called serotonin. Drugs such as Prozac work by keeping serotonin hanging around in the brain for longer than normal, so they might stave off romantic feelings. (This also means that people taking anti-depressants may be jeopardising their ability to fall in love.) But once romantic love begins in earnest, it is one of the strongest drives on Earth. Dr Fisher says it seems to be more powerful than hunger. A little serotonin would be unlikely to stifle it.这又产生一个问题,即是否可能和处理OCD一样,用病理学方式来“处治”这种浪漫状态。任何沉醉于爱情的青少年,他们的父母可能都想知道相应的答案。Fisher博士提出,抑制浪漫爱情的可能性确实存在,但只能是在感情发展的最初阶段。OCD的特征,是血液中一种叫血液复合胺(5羟色氨)的含量较低。如果Prozac等药物让血液中的复合氨在大脑中停留得比正常时间更久,这些药品就可能阻止浪漫感觉的出现。(这也意味着服用抗抑郁药物的人们可能正在危及他们彼此相爱能力。)真挚浪漫的爱情一旦开始,它就成为了地球上最强大的动力之一。Fisher博士说,这种欲望比食欲强大得多,一点儿血液中的复合氨不太可能扼杀心中如此强烈的情感。Wonderful though it is, romantic love is unstable—not a good basis for child-rearing. But the final stage of love, long-term attachment, allows parents to co-operate in raising children. This state, says Dr Fisher, is characterised by feelings of calm, security, social comfort and emotional union.尽管浪漫的爱情如此奇妙,但它却并不稳定——这绝非养儿育女的良好基础。而爱情的最后阶段,即长期的附属关系,却使父母在养育孩子方面得以精诚合作——这种状态,Fisher博士认为,它的特征恰恰是平稳感、安全感、社会性的慰籍以及情感的最佳结合。Because they are independent, these three systems can work simultaneously—with dangerous results. As Dr Fisher explains, “you can feel deep attachment for a long-term spouse, while you feel romantic love for someone else, while you feel the sex drive in situations unrelated to either partner.” This independence means it is possible to love more than one person at a time, a situation that leads to jealousy, adultery and divorce—though also to the possibilities of promiscuity and polygamy, with the likelihood of extra children, and thus a bigger stake in the genetic future, that those behaviours bring. As Dr Fisher observes, “We were not built to be happy but to reproduce.”因为三个阶段的系统彼此独立,所以他们可能同时工作而导致危险的后果。如Fisher博士解释的那样,“你可能对长期配偶有深深的附属感,同时你又因另一人而感受到浪漫的爱情,其间,你又由于第三位异性而产生性驱动力。”这种独立性意味着你可能同时爱上多个异性而导致妒忌、私通和离婚——尽管也有可能是乱交、一夫多妻、和随之而来的额外生育,即最终一个更大的预期基因赌注。正如Fisher博士所述,“我们不是为快乐却是为了生殖而被创造的。”The stages of love vary somewhat between the sexes. Lust, for example, is aroused more easily in men by visual stimuli than is the case for women. This is probably why visual pornography is more popular with men. And although both men and women express romantic love with the same intensity, and are attracted to partners who are dependable, kind, healthy, smart and educated, there are some notable differences in their choices. Men are more attracted to youth and beauty, while women are more attracted to money, education and position. When an older, ugly man is seen walking down the road arm-in-arm with a young and beautiful woman, most people assume the man is rich or powerful.爱情的各阶段在性别之间略有差别。例如,与女性相比,男性的欲望更容易被视觉刺激唤醒。这或许就是为什么视觉色情对男性而言更加流行。虽然男人和女人用同样的强度表达浪漫的爱情,也同样会被可靠、和蔼、健康、聪明和有教养的伴侣所吸引,但不同性别在选择配偶时还是有着一些显著的不同。男性更易被年轻和美貌所吸引,而女性更多会青睐于金钱、教育和地位。当人们看到苍老而丑陋的男人手挽着年轻美丽的女子漫步道旁,大多数都会设想此公不是腰缠万贯,便有大权在握。These foolish things / 这些愚蠢的玩意儿Of course, love is about more than just genes. Cultural and social factors, and learning, play big roles. Who and how a person has loved in the past are important determinants of his (or her) capacity to fall in love at any given moment in the future. This is because animals—people included—learn from their sexual and social experiences. Arousal comes naturally. But long-term success in mating requires a change from being naive about this state to knowing the precise factors that lead from arousal to the rewards of sex, love and attachment. For some humans, this may involve flowers, chocolate and sweet words. But these things are learnt.当然,爱情不止与基因有关。文化社会因素和后天的学习在其中也扮演着重要的角色。一个人曾经爱过谁?如何爱过?对他(她)将来任何时刻的相爱能力都是决定性的因素,因为动物(包括人类)能从他们的性和社会经验中进行学习。性唤醒可本能地产生,但长期而成功的配偶关系,却需要一个对爱情各种精确因素从无知到熟悉的改变过程,这个过程包括由性唤醒而导致性行为、爱和附属关系产生对大脑的奖赏。对于一些人来说,这可能包括鲜花、巧克力和甜言蜜语:这些都是可以学会的。If humans become conditioned by their experiences, this may be the reason why some people tend to date the same “type” of partner over and over again. Researchers think humans develop a “love map” as they grow up—a blueprint that contains the many things that they have learnt are attractive. This inner scorecard is something that people use to rate the suitability of mates. Yet the idea that humans are actually born with a particular type of “soul mate” wired into their desires is wrong. Research on the choices of partner made by identical twins suggests that the development of love maps takes time, and has a strong random component.人类常常会囿于自身的经验,因此某些人总喜欢一再地和相同“类型”伴侣约会。研究人员认为,随着人们年龄的增长,他们会在大脑内发展一个“爱情地图”——一个包含许多人们已经熟悉的、魅力事物的蓝图。这个内部记分卡是人们用于评价配偶适合度的依据。认为特定类型的“精神伴侣”与欲望的内在联系是与生俱来,这种想法是错误的。对同卵双胞胎择偶的研究表明,爱情地图的发展需要时间,而且有很强的随机成份。Work on rats is leading researchers such as Dr Pfaus to wonder whether the template of features found attractive by an individual is formed during a critical period of sexual-behaviour development. He says that even in animals that are not supposed to pair-bond, such as rats, these features may get fixed with the experience of sexual reward. Rats can be conditioned to prefer particular types of partner—for example by pairing sexual reward with some kind of cue, such as lemon-scented members of the opposite sex. This work may help the understanding of unusual sexual preferences. Human fetishes, for example, develop early, and are almost impossible to change. The fetishist connects objects such as feet, shoes, stuffed toys and even balloons, that have a visual association with childhood sexual experiences, to sexual gratification.针对家鼠的研究工作使Pfaus博士等研究人员力图查明:具有异性魅力的特征模板,是不是在性行为发展的关键时期形成的?他认为,即使在没有伴侣连接习性的动物当中——如家鼠——这些特征仍可能通过性奖赏的经验固定下来。家鼠能条件反射地偏爱特别类型的伴侣。举例来说,性奖赏同时伴随着某种提示条件,比如具有柠檬气息的异性。这项工作也许有助于对异常的性偏爱的理解。例如,人类的恋物情结发展于早期,而且几乎是不可改变。恋物癖者会把童年时期在视觉上和性经验关联的物体与性满足连接起来,诸如脚、鞋子、布玩具甚至气球等。So love, in all its glory, is just, it seems, a chemical state with genetic roots and environmental influences. But all this work leads to other questions. If scientists can make a more sociable mouse, might it be possible to create a more sociable human? And what about a more loving one? A few people even think that “paradise-engineering”, dedicated to abolishing the “biological substrates of human suffering”, is rather a good idea.因此,关于爱的所有光彩之处,看上去只不过是具有遗传基础和受环境影响的一种化学状态。与此相关,这儿涉及的一切还将导致更多其他的问题。如果科学家能制造一只社会性更强的老鼠,那么他们是否可能产生一个社会性更强的人呢?创造一个更惹人喜爱的人,其结果又将如何?一些人甚至认为致力于废除“人类受难的生物学基体”的“天堂工程”,是一个非常不错的主意。As time goes by / 时光流逝Progress in predicting the outcome of relationships, and information about the genetic roots of fidelity, might also make proposing marriage more like a job application—with associated medical, genetic and psychological checks. If it were reliable enough, would insurers cover you for divorce? And as brain scanners become cheaper and more widely available, they might go from being research tools to something that anyone could use to find out how well they were loved. Will the future bring answers to questions such as: Does your partner really love you? Is your husband lusting after the au pair?通过彼此关联的医学、遗传基因和心理学的检查,预测人际关系最终结果的研究进展和关于忠诚度的遗传基础信息,能使求婚变得更像工作申请。如果这个结论足够可信,保险公司会为你的婚姻投保吗?当脑扫描仪变得更便宜更普及,它能由研究工具变成任何人都可以用于发现他们被爱到何种程度的手段吗?未来会不会就如下问题为人类找到答案:你的伴侣是否真的爱你? 你的丈夫是否正对来家打工的留学女生暗送秋波?And then there are drugs. Despite Dr Fisher's reservations, might they also help people to fall in love, or perhaps fix broken relationships? Probably not. Dr Pfaus says that drugs may enhance portions of the “love experience” but fall short of doing the whole job because of their specificity. And if a couple fall out of love, drugs are unlikely to help either. Dr Fisher does not believe that the brain could overlook distaste for someone—even if a couple in trouble could inject themselves with huge amounts of dopamine.接下来当然会有相应的药物。尽管Fisher博士对此有所保留。我们还是想问:药物是否可能帮助人们坠入爱河,或者破镜重圆? 或许不能完全做到,但却可能部分地提高“恋爱体验”。对此另一位学者Pfaus博士如是说:药物达不到整体提高的效果,因为药毕竟是药,这就是它的特殊性。如果一对夫妇不再相爱,药物多半无能为力。Fisher博士不相信大脑可以忽略对某人的厌恶——即使对婚姻危机中的夫妇大量注射的多巴氨,也于事无补。However, she does think that administering serotonin can help someone get over a bad love affair faster. She also suggests it is possible to trick the brain into feeling romantic love in a long-term relationship by doing novel things with your partner. Any arousing activity drives up the level of dopamine and can therefore trigger feelings of romance as a side effect. This is why holidays can rekindle passion. Romantics, of course, have always known that love is a special sort of chemistry. Scientists are now beginning to show how true this is.然而,她确实认为调控血液复合胺(5羟色氨)水平能更快地帮助人走出恋爱的低谷。她同时建议和你的伴侣做一些新鲜事,这样可能哄骗大脑在长期两性关系中依然能感觉到爱情的甜美。任何唤醒活动都会提高多巴胺的水平而引发浪漫的感受。这就是为什么假日能重新点燃激情的原因所在。当然,爱情浪漫主义者总是认为爱情是一种特殊的化学,而正是科学家们,现在开始展示出了这一看法是如何的千真万确。

 

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水月湖悠閒下午茶
這是他們網站的照片,我拍的照片,以後補上囉 我的moto 手機E680i 只支援XP, 2000....可是我電腦只支援98
超美的地方 愛死水月湖囉 下面是水月湖的動畫flash..http://www.agmz.com.tw/MOONCAFF/view/view05.html
有去過的朋友嗎? 別被他們廣告騙了,咖啡不好喝的,水果茶跟起士還可以
250時元下午茶乙份包含水果茶,水果,餅乾http://www.agmz.com.tw/MOONCAFF/

 

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美國俚語: 聽不懂英文電影的元兇
難怪電影很難聽得懂.........原來有一大推美國俚語在裡面,那是學校沒教的
for example1. clock in 打卡Though I alreay 35 years old, I need to clock in at 9:15 am everyday(in fact 9:00...while there is 15 min torrance ) .
可憐的cooper..都35.6了 還要每天打卡。2. come on to 对...轻薄;吃豆腐The beautiful lady slapped me after I came on to her.亂說的,我可沒吃誰的豆腐 3. come easily 易如反掌Making money come easily to some people.賺錢對有些人来说易如反掌。  奇怪了...我怎覺得賺錢粉困難 4. don't have a cow别大惊小怪Don't have a cow! I'll pay for the dinnerdamages.别大惊小怪的!我會付賬的。  怪了 怎麼最近跟朋友一起吃飯都是我pay? 下次應該要go douch的 ......是不是douch拼呀 忘了5. push around 欺骗
Hey, Sooty, don't try to push me around! Sooty別把我當傻瓜喔唉 我只會用 don't treat me as a fool? 人家美國人不會這樣用的 難怪電影聽不懂美国口语俚语(2)
1. keep one's shirt on保持冷静
一般都只會說 calm down.......美國人是會說 keep ur shirt on... 真的是聽不懂Keep your shirt on. He didn't mean to offend you. That's just the way he talks.保持冷静。那只是他说话的惯常方式,他并非有意要冒犯你。2. cool it冷静一点Cool it. You are making me mad.冷静一点。你快把我逼疯了。
若我看到誰寫 Cool it.......我肯定說他弄錯了 得寫calm donw.......結果是我錯了
下面還有好多 學學幾招 唄  我懶的一個一個去多作說明了 ㄎㄎ3. joy ride兜风Let's go for a joy ride. 让我们去兜兜风。 4. rap说唱乐Do you like rap music? I have trouble understanding the words.你喜欢说唱音乐吗?我听不太懂其中的歌词。5. red-letter day大日子This is a red-letter day for Susan. She made her first sale to a very important client.今天是susan的大日子。她和一个非常重要的客户做成了第一笔生意。
细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28
发表于:2005-5-11 14:36:01


美国口语俚语(27)1. bullheaded顽固,牛脾气Terry is so bullheaded; he won’t listen to anybody else’s opinion.特利这么顽固,他听不进别人的意见。2. bum rap责骂Louise got a bum rap for taking sides with Richard.路易斯因为偏袒理查德而受到责骂。3. bummer令人恶心的经历That show was a real bummer.那场表演令人倒尽胃口。4. burn someone up激怒某人It burns me up when people don’t do their job right.有人没把份内的事做好就令我生气。5. catch on to突然了解It took Cindy a long time to catch on to what Bill was saying.辛迪许久以后才突然明白比尔所说的话。美国口语俚语(28)1. drown one’s sorrows借酒消愁After Megan dumped Chuck, Chuck went to the bar to drown his sorrows over a beer.自从梅甘甩了查克后,查克就到酒吧借酒消愁。2. creepy恐怖的That was a creepy movie. I’ll probably have nightmares tonight.那是一部恐怖片。今晚我也许会做恶梦。3. cross a bridge when/before one comes to it船到桥头自然直Stop worrying about your piano recital. You’ll cross that bridge when you come to it.别担心你的钢琴独奏会。船到桥头自然直。4. cranky脾气暴躁Grandpa is really cranky if he doesn’t have his afternoon nap.祖父如果不睡午觉就会很暴躁。5. deal someone in让某人参加Deal me in. I want to play too.让我参加,我也要玩。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~
细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:37:47
美国口语俚语(29)1. big deal重要的事It’s no big deal. I don’t mind helping you out.这没什么大不了的,我不介意帮助你摆脱困境。2. bottom line总之,归根结底The bottom line is that our sales need to pick up if we’re going to make a profit this year.总之,如果我们今年要盈利的话,销售量一定得增加。3. give someone a break让某人松口气The boss gave her a break and let her try again.老板让她松口气,让她再试一次。4. break a leg祝演出等成功(表面意思“摔断腿”的反话)I know you are going to be great in the play tonight. Break a leg!我知道你今天晚上的比赛会很成功。祝你顺利!5. go for it去做吧!Why not? Go for it?为什么不呢?大胆的去做吧!美国口语俚语(30)1. ahead of the game领先,占优势He got ahead of the game by finishing his work early.他因提早完成工作而领先他人。2. all right already好啦好啦,别念叨啦All right already, I’m coming!好啦好啦,别念叨啦,我来了!3. all-out尽力,全力以赴We made an all-out effort to learn English.我们全力以赴学英语。4. all hell broke loose一团糟When the flood hit, all hell broke loose.洪水一泛滥,一切乱糟糟。5. add insult to injury越搞越糟,越描越黑Her awkward attempt to explain her error merely added insult to injury.她笨拙地企图解释所犯的错误,结果只是越描越黑。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:42:52
美国口语俚语(31)1. give sb. a hard和人过不去Ed loves to give his sister a hard, just to make her mad.埃德爱和他姐姐过不去,故意惹她生气。2. goner无可救药的人Mark’s a goner. He didn’t finish his chores before going out.麦克真是无药可救,他日常工作没做完就出去了。3. make a killing大有所获He made a killing on that deal. I wish I had bought some shares.那笔生意他大有所获。真希望我当初也加入了。4. no sweat不麻烦,没问题No sweat. I’ll have he report done for you in an hour.没问题。我会在一小时之内让认为你做出这份报告。5. pissed off生气I really pissed off at Harry. He took the credit for all my work.我对哈利真的很生气。我拼命工作他却坐享其成。美国口语俚语(32)1. on the up and up光明正大,诚实无欺I checked out his story, he’s on the up and up.我核实过他所讲的事情,他诚实可靠。2. uppity自命不凡Don’t be so uppity. You don’t think we’re good enough for you?不要那么自以为了不起。你难道认为我们配不上你吗?3. up shit creek惨兮兮If Mom catches you smoking in the house, you’ll be up shit creek.如果你在家里抽烟让妈妈逮到,你就惨了。4. push comes to shove事态严重When push comes to shove, only your true friends will still stand by you.当事态严重时,只有真正的朋友还会支持你。5. push someone’s button惹火某人,激怒某人Nobody makes me as mad as Dave does. He really knows how to push my buttons.没有人象戴夫那样惹我生气。他真知道怎样惹我发火。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:45:59
美国口语俚语(33)1. all wet错误的I’m afraid your idea is all wet.我想你的想法是完全不对的。2. back off缓和,软化,减轻The city council had to back off from its criticism of the utility department.市议会必须减轻对公用事业部门的批评。3. as … as all get out …极了Mother is as mad as all get out.母亲气疯了。4. bent out of shape气坏了,大发雷霆Mother is really bent out of shape because we came home so late last night.因为我们昨天回去那么晚,所以母亲大发雷霆。5. bar one只此一家,别无分号This is the best ice cream anywhere in the state of Texas, bar one.这是德克萨斯州最好的冰淇淋,别无分号。美国口语俚语(34)1. butter up对…说好话Maybe if we butter up mother, she’ll let us go to the movies.如果我们对妈说点好听的,也许她会让我们去看电影。2. butt in插嘴,打岔Amy loves to butt in and offer her advice even when it’s not wanted.不管时机对不对,爱米都喜欢插嘴提供意见。3. button one’s lip住口;闭嘴Tell Cindy to button her lip or else she’ll be in big trouble.告诉辛迪闭嘴,否则她就惨了。4. buy time拖延时间I think we should try to buy more time.我想我们应该设法拖延时间。5. chew someone out责骂某人;谴责某人Follow the rules and you won’t get chewed out.遵守规定你就不会挨骂。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:49:33
美国口语俚语(35)1. cheap shot下流手段The candidates ended up taking cheap shots at each other during the debate.辩论中,候选人最后都用下流手段攻击对方。2. on cloud line飘飘然(原以为在九重天上)Daphne was on cloud nine for days after Chip asked her to the prom.棋谱邀请戴夫妮参加学校班级舞会,她兴奋了好几天。3. cough it up(不情愿地)付钱Cough it up. I know you have the twenty dollars.付钱吧。我知道你有这二十美金的。4. corny陈词滥调,毫无新意Fred’s jokes are always so corny.弗雷德的笑话总是如此毫无新意。5. on the dot准时He arrives on the dot. I was sure he’d be late.他准时到了。我本以为他会迟到的。美国口语俚语(36)1. fall for上当We played a trick on him and he fell for it.我们捉弄他,他上当了。2. fiddle around玩弄Don’t fiddle around with the television set. You’ll end up breaking it.不要玩电视机。你会弄坏的。3. half-baked肤浅的,半吊子How do you come up with all these half-baked ideas? You should think them out more carefully.你怎么会想出这些肤浅的主意的?你应该仔细的考虑考虑。4. goof up犯错,出岔子Don’t goof up. This project is too important.别出岔子。这个计划太重要了。5. play dirty用诈术The only way that Dan knows how to win is to play dirty. I’m going to vote for Brian instead.丹只会用诈术来赢。我要投布莱恩一票。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:52:31
美国口语俚语(37)1. potluck聚餐(各家带一道菜的聚餐方式)We’re having a potluck Friday night, so bring a dish to pass.星期五晚上我们要聚餐,带一道菜来参加吧!2. play games捣鬼Don’t play games with me, Jane. I’m on to your tricks and manipulations.简,别跟我捣鬼。我对你的诡计呵手段一清二楚。3. raw deal卑鄙的行为What a raw deal! I deserve the promotion more than he does.卑鄙!我比他更应该升职。4. stay out of不介入I’m going to stay out of their argument.我不打算介入他们的争执。5. walk out on丢开不管You can’t walk out on me. I really need your help.你不能丢下我不管。我真的需要你的帮助。美国口语俚语(38)1. off-the-wall古怪的,离奇的He said some really off–the-wall things. Where does he come up with them?他说了一些非常离奇的事。他从那里听来的?2. on the right track走对路了If you learn ten new sentences every day, you are on the right track to speaking fluent English.如果你每天坚持学十个句子,就有希望流利的说英语了。3. on a roll顺利;手气、运气好Don’t stop me now. I’m on a roll.现在别叫我停,我手气正好。4. funky蛮特别的We listened to some funky music.我们听了一些蛮特别的音乐。5. phony假的That cupboard does not open, it’s a phony. It’s there for decoration.那个柜子打不开,是假的。那是装饰用的。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:53:46
美国口语俚语(39)1. be asleep麻痹了My foot’s asleep.我的脚麻了。2. not my day运气不佳Everything is going wrong. This is really not my day!什么事儿都出错;我今天真是运气不佳!3. think back回想Think back. It’s very important.这很重要。你回想一下。4. fly拉链Your fly is open.你的裤裆没关上。5. quack庸医You quack!你这庸医!美国口语俚语(40)1. get changed换衣服I’ll get changed right away.我马上穿好衣服来。2. go with搭配,相称This tie doesn’t go with my jacket.这条领带和我的外衣不相称。3. be terrible with无法记牢I’m terrible with names.我对人名的记性很差。4. dog’s life悲惨的生活He’s leading a dog’s life.他过着猪狗不如的生活。5. fast buck容易得来的钱财I heard he made a fast buck at the race track.我听说他赌马发了横财。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:55:58
美国口语俚语(41)1. get burnt遭殃Every time I play the nice guy, I get burnt.每次做好人,总是我遭殃。2. shake a leg迅速行动Shake a leg, they’re getting impatient.快动身吧,他们已经等得不耐烦了。3. jet lag由不同地区的时间差所造成的身心不适I’m still suffering from jet lag.我的时差还没调整过来。4. noon sharp正午He’ll be here at noon sharp.他中午会到这儿。5. no picnic难以捱过Work today was no picnic.今天的工作不轻松。美国口语俚语(42)1. the crack of dawn破晓I woke up at the crack of dawn.我一早就醒了。2. will be终归会来What will be will be!是福不是祸,是祸躲不过!3. put it out摒弃在心门外Put it out of your mind!忘了它吧!4.get the picture明白Get the picture?我说的话你明白了吧?5.can’t catch my breath气短不继I can’t catch my breath.我喘不过气来了。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 14:57:33
美国口语俚语(43)1. up and running生龙活虎的He’ll be up and running in a few days.几天后他又会生龙活虎。2. rested up从疲劳或患病中恢复I’ve rested up.我已休息够了。3. live off依赖He lives off his parents.他仰赖他的父母生活。4. sharp犀利He has sharp eyes.他的眼光犀利。5. put in a good word推荐,美言Can you put in a good word for me to get that job?你能帮我美言几句,好得到那份工作吗?美国口语俚语(44)1. decent pay令人轻视不得的薪水I make ( a ) decent pay.我的薪水相当可观。2. build contacts建立专业性之联系Temping is a great way to build contacts.打临时工,是建立人际关系的良方。3. mark time旷费时日,而不尽力工作He’s just marking time.他只是在捱时间,没在办事。4. by hook or by crook无论如何I’ve gotta finish this by five o’clock, by hook or by crook.无论如何我都得在5点前把它做完。5. call it quits叫停Sometimes, I just want to call it quits.我有时真想辞职了事/有时我真想一死了之。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:01:42
美国口语俚语(45)1. be lit up like a Christmas tree喝醉之后非常高兴Mr. Bigdrink was lit up like a Christmas tree at the party last night.在昨天的社交晚会上,大酒徒先生喝醉以后高兴极了。2. think better of改变主意When I saw Jim’s behavior, I thought better of dating him.当我见到Jin的举止后,我改变主意,打算不跟他约会了。3. have another think coming大错特错If he thinks I’d marry him, he has another think coming.如果他认为我会跟他结婚,那就大错特错了。4. windbag饶舌的人John is such a windbag. He can talk for hours at a time without saying anything.约翰是一个饶舌大王。他能够一连好几个小时滔滔不绝的讲毫无内容的话。5. a bay window大肚皮Anyone who drinks beer too much is bound to get a bay window.喝啤酒太多的人,必然会落得一个大肚皮。美国口语俚语(46)1. go public公开宣布Mr. Smith went public today that he was retiring.史密斯先生今天公开宣布他要退休了。2. make the grade称职;合乎水准、要求If you don’t make the grade, you can’t be a member of the club.如果你不合格,就不能成为俱乐部的一员。3. get the drift了解Stop me when you get the drift. I don’t want to bore you with something you already understand.你听懂了就叫停。我不想用你已经知道的事烦你。4. day in court申诉的机会When Mr. Jones was explaining what has happened, Mr. Smith was silent. He knew he would get his day in court.琼斯先生解释所发生的事情时,史密斯先生沉默不语,他知道他会有机会申辩的。5. feel someone out探听某人的意向John asked Dave to feel Jane out about whether she’d be interested in going out with him.约翰要求戴夫探听简是否有兴趣和他出去。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:04:06
美国口语俚语(47)1. get the hang of进入状态,摸到窍门I think if I practice serving a couple of times, I’ll get the hang of it.我想如果我多练习几次发球,我就会摸到窍门了。2. out to lunch神经病,神志不清Richard stands on his head in the shower. He’s really out to lunch.理查德在浴室倒立。他真是有病。3. rap sheet犯罪记录,前科This isn’t his first offense. He has a rap sheet a mile long.这不是他第一次犯罪,他前科累累。4. red tape官样文章,繁琐的程序I need this information as soon as possible. See if you can cut through the red tape.我要尽快拿到这份文件。看能不能缩短申请的程序。5. a fair shot相当大的希望You have a fair shot at the scholarship.你很有希望能拿到奖学金。美国口语俚语(48)1. set someone back使某人破费That dinner set me back sixty dollars.那顿晚饭花了我60美元。2. pull a fast one欺骗He tried to pull a fast one on us, but we caught on before he got away with it.他想要欺骗我们,但在他阴谋得逞前我们就明白了。3. pull rank摆架子Don’t try to pull rank on me. We’re all equals here.别对我摆架子,这里人人平等。4. read my lips注意听Read my lips. I don’t like broccoli.注意听,我不喜欢绿花椰菜。5. burp打嗝Don’t burp so loud. It’s not polite.不要这么大声打嗝,那样不礼貌。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:05:31
美国口语俚语(49)1. put on airs摆架子I can’t stand Mary. She always putting on airs because she thinks she’s better than everybody else.我受不了玛丽。她老摆架子,因为她自以为比别人好。2. put…on the line赔上,不惜I’d gladly put my reputation on the line for you. You’re my closest friend.我愿意为你搭上我的名誉。你是我最好的朋友。3. rag烂报The National Enquirer is a real rag.《国家探密报》这份报纸真次。4. chicken feed=peanuts小钱I make chicken feed compared to you.和你比起来,我赚的只是小钱。5. brown-nose拍马屁Harold is always brown-nosing the boss.哈罗德总是拍老板的马屁。美国口语俚语(50)1. eye-opener令人大开眼界的事Listening to him talk about his adventure in China was a real eye-opener.听他谈在中国的历险令人大开眼界。2. fake someone out骗过某人The quarterback faked the other team out by keeping the ball instead of passing it.四分卫持球不传,骗过了敌队。3. fall flat失败;碰壁;未达到预期效果His joke fell flat because no one understand it.他的笑话没人听懂,所以没有收到效果。4. cover for掩护Don’t worry about mother, I’ll cover for you this time.别担心妈妈那边,这一次我会为你掩护的。5. bite the bullet咬紧牙关,忍受痛苦You just bite the bullet and get it over with.咬紧牙关完成这件事吧。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:07:22
美国口语俚语(51)1. big picture(事情的)主要部分;重点Concentrate on the big picture for now. Don’t worry about the minor details.先把精神集中在重点上,不要担心次要的细节。2. bite the dust死亡,报销This pen just bite the dust.这支钢笔报销了。3. bleeding heart老好人The liberal candidate was accused by his conservation opponent of being a bleeding heart on welfare issues.自由派候选人在福利问题上被保守派对手斥为老好人。4. bad news讨厌鬼Marcy is nothing but bad news around here.马西真是这一带的讨厌鬼。5. bad blood不和,敌意Ever since Howard borrowed 5,000 dollars from Mike and never paid him back, there has been bad blood between them.自从霍华德向麦克借了5,000美元不还之后,他们之间就有了嫌隙。美国口语俚语(52)1. cheapo小气鬼,没格调的人Brian is a real cheapo. He won’t even spend the money to buy his mother a birthday present.布莱恩真是个小气鬼。他甚至不愿意花钱为他妈妈买生日礼物。2. cheapie便宜货It’s a cheapie. I spent only a couple of bucks on it.这是个便宜货。我才花一两块钱买的。3. chow down吃饭Let’s chow down. I’m so hungry.吃饭吧。我饿死了。4. clam up住口,不说话(原意为“蚌壳合起来”)When Vinnie entered the room, Mary clammed up.文尼已进入房间,玛丽就闭嘴了。5. chill out缓和情绪,冷静下来Chill out. Things are not as bad as they seem.冷静一点。事情并不象表面上那么糟。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:08:52
美国口语俚语(53)1. out in left field疯了He’s out in left field. Nobody ever understands what he is talking about.他必定疯了。没人知道他在说些什么。2. out of it迷迷糊糊,昏昏沉沉,心不在焉Sara’s always out of it, she has no idea of what goes on in the world today.萨拉总是迷迷糊糊的,现在世界发生什么事完全不知道。3. out of luck运气不好You’re out of luck. The last bus left half an hour ago.你运气不好。末班车半小时前就开走了。4. out of this world太棒了,好极了This food is out of this world. I’ll have to get your recipe.这食品好极了!我得向你要点烹饪秘诀。5. out of whack坏了This phone is out of whack. You can’t dial out.这个电话坏了,拨不出去。美国口语俚语(54)1. be caught dead 献丑,出洋相I wouldn't be caught dead in that ugly outfit.我才不要穿那样难看的衣服献丑呢!2. not by a long shot 绝不可能There's no way he could have won, not by a long shot.他绝不会已经赢了。3. off the top of one's head 不假思索,马上I can't tell you the information off the top of my head. I'll have to lookit up.我没办法告诉你这个消息,我得查一下。4. life in the fast lane 刺激的生活(fast lane快车道)Jane likes to live life in the fast lane.简喜欢过刺激兴奋的生活。5. bow out 不干了,退出Mr. Black often quarreled with his partners, so he finally bowed out ofthe company.布莱克先生经常和同伙吵架,因此他终于退出了公司。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:10:56
美国口语俚语(55)1. bend over backwards 不遗余力Sue will bend over backwards to help her friends.休会尽力帮助朋友。2. all ears 全神贯注Whenever you tell Jonny some gossip, he's all ears.每当你讲闲话给琼尼听时,他总是全神贯注。3. get lost 滚开A stray cat was lurking outside the fish market and the owner yelled at it," Get lost!"一只野猫在卖鱼的市场前探头探脑,摊主对它大叫:“滚开!”4. pump up 热切期望Everybody on campus is pumped up about Saturday's big game. The winning team will get the national title.校园里大家都热切期望着星期六的大赛,赢的队伍将成为全国冠军。5. put someone out 给某人添麻烦Please don't go to so much trouble. I don't want to put you out.请不要非那么多工夫,我不想给你添麻烦。美国口语俚语(56)1. punch line好笑的部分I can’t tell the joke, I forgot the punch line.我无法讲这个故事,我忘了当中最好笑的部分。2. put-down羞辱,贬损I’ve had enough of your put-downs. You’re not perfect either.我受够了你的羞辱,你也好不到哪里去。3. cop-out溜走Don’t cop-out on me now. You promised you’d go.别想溜。你说过你会去的。4. blabbermouth大嘴巴,爱说闲话的人I don’t like Don because he’s a blabbermouth.我不喜欢堂,因为他爱说人闲话。5. break it up 停止谈天、吵架、打架(原意为“分开”)Break it up! I will not permit fighting in this classroom.住手!我不准有人在这个教室里打架。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:12:33
美国口语俚语(57)1. rub elbows 交际,接触It’s important for you to go to these parties and rub elbows with everyone. That’s how contacts are made.参加这些晚会与大家接触接触是很重要的,关系就是这样建立起来的。2. rub it in 火上浇油You don’t have to rub it in. I already feel bad enough as it is.你不要火上浇油了,我已经够难过的。3. run something by again重复某事务Can you run that by again? I didn’t quite understand your last point.请再说一遍好吗?最后一点我听不太懂。4. say what 你说什么?Say what? I didn’t hear what you said.你说什么?我没听到。5. sit tight耐心等待Just sit tight. The doctor will be with you in a minute.耐心等一下,医生马上就来看你。美国口语俚语(58)1. get with it 留意(周遭的事物)George really needs to get with it. He’s still wearing bellbottoms.乔治真的该留意一下时尚。他仍然穿着喇叭裤。2. get over自……中恢复过来I don’t think anybody really gets over his first love.我认为没有人能够真正忘掉初恋。3. gross someone out让某人觉得恶心Mike grossed Sue out when he waved a snake in front of her face.麦克在苏面前摇晃着一条蛇,使她恶心死了。4. hang out溜达In her free time, Kathy likes to hang out at the mall with her friends.凯西有空喜欢和朋友到商场溜达。5. have a ball寻乐子,痛快地玩We intend to have a ball at the amusement park today.我们打算今天到游乐场玩个痛快。----------------------------------------------------I came, I saw, I learned~ 细雨问桃花
注册:2005-4-28发表于:2005-5-11 15:15:21
美国口语俚语(59)1. scatterbrain糊涂虫What a scatterbrain! She forgot to plug in the coffee maker.真是个糊涂虫!他忘了给咖啡壶插电。2. screw up弄错The hotel screwed up our reservations so we didn’t have a room for the night.旅社把我们预定的房间弄错了,因此晚上没有地方可住。3. spaced out魂不守舍He didn’t hear what you said. He’s spaced out.他没听到你说的话,他魂不守舍。4. up front预先In order to hold your reservation, I’ll need a 10% down payment up front.为了保留你预定的东西,我要先收10%的定金。5. wimp软骨头,没用的家伙Harold is a real wimp. He lets everybody take advantage of him.哈罗德真没用,每个人都可以占他便宜。美国口语俚语(60)1. chicken out退缩Bill was going to ask Lisa out on date, but he chickened out at the last minute.比尔本来要约丽莎出去,但是最后却不敢开口。2. clamp down on加强取缔The police are clamping down on drunk drivers.警方加强取缔酒后开车。3. break the news to告诉坏消息Paul had to break the news of her friend’s death to Paula.鲍尔必须告诉葆拉她朋友的死讯。4. the breaks运气不佳Sorry, Susie, that’s the breaks.抱歉,苏西,运气实在不好。5. broken record反复讲同样的话(原意为“坏了的唱片”)Please stop talking about your problems. You sound like a broken record.拜托别谈你的问题了。你真象张坏了的唱片。



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BAD NIGHT...
昨晚在豐原和老媽為了宵夜的事而鬧的不愉快...(她要我別吃宵夜...FOR養生!!)原本想回家住個兩天,為此...我不爽!!
SO~我從PM22:35就負重13公斤(剛才秤的!)從豐原"跑+快走"(約18KM)...PM24:40到台中家商...
負重13KG,約18KM,2'05"到...
媽咪(老婆)擔心我(危險?),所以和我坐車回"提早"(還真早啊~)高雄...
到高雄約AM04:20...FUCK! 寄車行居然沒開~~~
THAN,和媽咪又走路從楠梓交流道走回家(離右昌租處約8KM)...我是還OK啦~(一整晚沒睡負重行軍約25KM)
只是媽咪可就累翻囉~
唉~好好的放假,就被老媽搞砸...
 


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今天...
呼~今天終於拍完婚紗了!
之前拍婚紗,拍外景時遇到下雨後來就停拍...
後來不是我沒空,就是婚紗店檔期排滿...
拖到快十個月了...(連原攝影師都跳槽到大陸去啦!!)
今天終於拍完了...
但也累翻啦~
還化妝...挺不習慣的呢...


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August 19th, 2006
BUDAY, Lebanon: A document with Hebrew inscriptions and a bullet believed to be of an Israeli commando that fought Hezbollah fighters during an airborne operation in a field in the village of Buday, in eastern Lebanon, early 19 August 2006 are seen in the area where the clashes took place. One Israeli officer was killed and two were wounded in the operation, an Israeli army spokesman said. The death was the first Israeli casualty since a UN-brokered truce deal came into effect this week after a month of deadly fighting in south Lebanon. The Israeli army said the commando operation, launched overnight near the eastern Lebanese town of Baalbek, was carried out to prevent weapons being delivered to the Hezbollah militia from Syria and Iran.

 

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13928提供的故事~真的很感動人心喔!!
請抽空看一下這一篇好文章!真的很感動人心喔!! 麥當勞....不是廣告.是篇心情札記 http://takey.myweb.hinet.net/miss13.htm


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你要當天使或是乞丐?
我聽過一個故事。無論它是真的或是純屬傳說,每當我想起來時,心頭都有某種震撼。達文西在畫「最後的晚餐」時,需要一位模特兒來畫猶達斯,也就是出賣了耶穌的那位門徒。很顯然這位模特兒必須看起來有點邪惡才行。於是達文西就到街頭去找。後來終於找到了一位長得相當難看的乞丐,既骯髒、又潦倒,似乎滿適合的。當達文西帶著這位乞丐穿過走廊,往畫室走的時候,乞丐一直瞪視牆上一幅又一幅的藝術品,好像頗有所思似的。等到坐下來要扮演猶達斯時,他突然痛哭。原來他看到牆上的那些油畫、浮雕時,忽然想起自已小時候也當過模特兒,而且是扮演小天使。從天真的小天使,到一臉邪惡的模樣,都是誰的錯呢?該由誰負責呢?我不知道這故事是真的還是假的。但我卻相信那是可能的。如果我們常懷恨在心,經常猜忌別人圖謀不軌;如我們常對他人充滿敵意,常針鋒相對;如我們常對自已不滿,自卑、退縮;如我們常對未來悲觀、消極,經過一段時間後,我們必將惡形惡狀。經常微笑,常能享受每一天寶貴時光的人,是否予人容光煥發的感覺呢?那些常懷寬恕與原諒之心的人,日子一定較好過,他們的煩惱也較少,長時期下來,皺紋是否亦較少?有的人較不嫉妒,常喜分享他人的成功的喜稅,遇困難常視之為機會,對很多事常抱正向的思考模式。他們看起來真的不只是心善而已,面貌也善良。我真的不是在強調面貌或面相。但我們能不能作我們想做的那種人呢?中國人說,四十歲前的相貌由父母決定,四十歲以後的相貌由自已決定。這句話真是刻骨銘心。我想做一個快樂、積極、受歡迎的人,最好從現在開始就將快樂、希望、關心注入生活的每一天當中。西方人的說法也很有意思,發牌的是上帝,玩牌的就是我們自已了。有的人拿了一副好牌卻輸了。有的人拿了一副不怎好的牌的人真的常常會贏。你聽到這故事後有什麼想法?你一定很想知道自已未來是個什麼樣。對未來充滿好奇。其實,預測未來的最好辦法就是去創造一個未來。



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工作像螞蟻,心情像蝴蝶
有個太太,上了年紀突然想學鋼琴,因為那是她年輕時的夢想。可是,人年紀大了,手指頭反應慢,彈起鋼琴,真是只有幼稚園的程度,怎麼聽起來都像是噪音,令人難受。 有一天,這太太向老公說:「我想買一座石膏像放在鋼琴上,你認為擺哪一個音樂家比較好呢?」 此時,先生毫不考慮地回答說:「買貝多芬吧!」 「為什麼呢?」 「因為貝多芬耳聾,他聽不見!」哈!    貝多芬在二十六歲時,因感冒後遺症,耳朵患了聽覺障礙,聽力逐漸衰退;然而,也因他聽不見,所以就減少參加社交活動,甚至「與世隔絕」地孤獨創作。後來,他雙耳全聾,只能和人用筆交談!不過,正因為他聽不見外在的稱讚或批評,所以能全心貫注於音樂創作,以致成就非凡,成為舉世聞名的大音樂家。 貝多芬五十七歲辭世,他在臨終前寫道:「到了天堂,我就能聽見了!」大部份人活著,能聽、能說、能唱,是多麼幸福呀!可是我們的嘴,有時拿來批評別人,或說別人的是非;也有時候,我們聽到別人說我們的閒言閒語,或是八卦的不實謠言,都會令我們的心情挫折、沮喪到極點。 不過,「好心情,是一帖最好的心藥!」 我們在生活中,必須維持著一份好心情—「隨時幽默、開懷、樂觀的好心情」,才不會被惡意的批評和詆毀所影響。 所以,「再大的風浪也會平!」人常會遇到工作不順、或婚姻不和;人生的路,似乎常在海浪裡不停地起浮載沉。但是,「心寬,路更廣!」再大的風雨和波浪,總有平息的時候,只要「放開心」,開懷地大笑幾聲、臉上充滿笑容,則好運自然會來呀!    在美國有一家西南航空公司,長期採行「不劃位政策」,只要男女乘客互看對眼,就可以自動坐在一起。所以,有許多乘客都先在候機室裡看準目標,然後上機時就想辦法坐在他或她旁邊。哈,這個「愛的飛機」,真是新鮮、有趣啊!可是,人若愁容滿面、心事重重,誰願意坐在我們旁邊呀?誰想要和一個愁眉苦臉的人坐在一起呢? 所以,我學習到「工作像螞蟻,心情像蝴蝶!」 人在工作時,要像螞蟻一樣勤奮,而心情,要像蝴蝶一樣快樂飛舞,人生才會幸福啊!



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台灣品牌如何走上世界之路?
台灣的代工能力全世界有目共睹,不過代工角色就像游牧民族逐水草而居,哪裡成本低就往哪裡去。一個縱橫中國大陸、一個據守美國,行銷界享崇高地位的科特勒兄弟首次齊聚台灣,為台灣品牌之路指點迷津。雖然台灣中小企業居多,但這不能作為不打品牌的藉口,哥哥菲利浦.科特勒表示,建立品牌要先做市場研究,「了解外界如何看你的產品」。弟弟密爾頓.科特勒則借鏡台商在大陸成功的案例,強調要在中國建立品牌,單打獨鬥不是明智之舉。他建議台灣和歐美知名品牌合作, 建立消費商品品牌,將歐美品牌的技術、經驗移轉到台灣,循序漸進進入中國。打造品牌 先定義目標市場有「現代行銷學之父」美譽的菲利浦,現任西北大學凱洛格管理學院國際行銷學榮譽教授,投入行銷40多年,其著作《行銷管理》被全球各大商學院奉為行銷學的圭臬;在哥哥的光芒下,密爾頓的表現絲毫不遜色,他是全球知名的行銷計畫、行銷戰略大師,身為科特勒集團執行長,輔導過上百家知名企業,最近八年將重心移往大陸。「品牌絕對不是從品牌開始」,菲利浦告訴大家,打造品牌要先定義目標市場,不要一開始就瞄準全世界,應該集中火力於可以打響知名度的區域。針對台灣發展全球品牌,他語重心長說,台灣不應該將眼光放到全球,範圍太廣了,因為無法預期哪些地方產品會熱賣、哪些會銷售不出去,要先鎖定能讓產品發揚光大的據點。建立品牌第二步是定位產品,第三步則是主張產品的價值,說服顧客買你的商品、服務。此外,他表示,品牌有人性的一面,它告訴消費者:「我不只是在賣商品,還要帶給你心靈上的滿足。」過去行銷談4P(產品、價格、通路、促銷),菲利浦首度在台公布新的行銷方程式:CCDVTP( Create, Communicate,De-liver, Value, Target, Profit),現代品牌行銷是要「為目標市場創造新的溝通方式,傳遞商品價值,再針對目標市場行銷,賺取利潤」。最近崛起的大陸海爾集團就是很好的例子。海爾從冰箱、洗衣機等家電起家,不過品質很差,公司領導人張瑞敏有一天把所有員工叫來,當場拿斧頭砍商品,強調粗糙的品質不會受顧客青睞。接下來,海爾開始實施產品多樣化策略,如今旗下產品包括冰箱、空調、洗衣機、電視機、熱水器、電腦、手機等,並和沃爾瑪合作,搶占美國主要零售通路市場。海爾從亞洲市場一步步邁向美國、歐洲,成為全球知名品牌。切入市場 先找尋關鍵人物雖然質疑海爾的多元化策略,但密爾頓對海爾找策略夥伴的做法相當肯定。他指出海爾能站穩美國市場,是因為找到「當地市場關鍵人物」,與當地的通路商合作。他強調台灣擅長切入大陸市場,可以趁著中國對消費性產品還不了解的時候,用品牌戰站穩大陸市場。他建議與歐、美品牌合作,甚至直接買一個品牌,以當地人管當地人市場,把大陸當腹地,再延伸到其他地區。「品牌是無所不在的」,無論是可口可樂、星巴克等消費性品牌,或是英特爾、杜邦等B2B品牌,任何企業都能發展品牌,科特勒兄弟此行以學者、諮詢師的身分,給台灣建立品牌注入新思維。 



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